Teoria Del Tutto Pdf Files
.A theory of everything ( TOE or ToE), final theory, ultimate theory, or master theory is a hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent that fully explains and links together all physical aspects of the.: 6 Finding a TOE is one of the major. Over the past few centuries, two theoretical frameworks have been developed that, together, most closely resemble a TOE. These two theories upon which all modern physics rests are (GR) and (QFT). GR is a theoretical framework that only focuses on for understanding the universe in regions of both large scale and high mass: stars, galaxies, clusters of galaxies, etc. On the other hand, QFT is a theoretical framework that only focuses on three non-gravitational forces for understanding the universe in regions of both small scale and low mass: sub-atomic particles, atoms, molecules, etc.
QFT successfully implemented the that describes the three non-gravitational forces -, and force - as well as all observed elementary particles.: 122Physicists have experimentally confirmed virtually every prediction made by GR and QFT when in their appropriate domains of applicability. Nevertheless, GR and QFT are mutually incompatible – they cannot both be right. Since the usual domains of applicability of GR and QFT are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used.: 842–844 As it turns out, this incompatibility between GR and QFT is only an issue in regions of extremely small scale - the Planck scale - such as those that exist within a black hole or during the beginning stages of the universe (i.e., the moment immediately following the ). To resolve the incompatibility, a theoretical framework revealing a deeper underlying reality, unifying gravity with the other three interactions, must be discovered to harmoniously integrate the realms of GR and QFT into a seamless whole: the TOE is a single theory that, in principle, is capable of describing all phenomena in the universe.In pursuit of this goal, has become one area of active research.
One example is, which evolved into a candidate for the TOE, but not without drawbacks (most notably, its lack of currently testable predictions) and controversy. String theory posits that at the (up to 10 −43 seconds after the Big Bang), the four fundamental forces were once a single fundamental force. According to string theory, every particle in the universe, at its most microscopic level , consists of varying combinations of vibrating strings (or strands) with preferred patterns of vibration.
Teoria Del Tutto Pdf Files 2017
String theory further claims that it is through these specific oscillatory patterns of strings that a particle of unique mass and force charge is created (that is to say, the is a type of string that vibrates one way, while the is a type of string vibrating another way, and so forth). Contents.Name Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic reference to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a grandfather of – a character from a cycle of 's stories of the 1960s – was known to work on the '. Physicist used the term in his 1977 lectures in Varenna. Physicist claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in in 1986. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of research.Historical antecedents Antiquity to 19th century Ancient studied the movement pattern of heavenly bodies against a background of the celestial sky, with their interest being to relate celestial movement to human events , and the goal being to predict events by recording events against a time measure and then look for recurrent patterns. The debate between the universe having either or can be traced back to ancient.The of appeared in several ancient traditions.
In ancient, the speculated that the apparent diversity of observed phenomena was due to a single type of interaction, namely the motions and collisions of atoms. The concept of 'atom' proposed by was an early philosophical attempt to unify phenomena observed in nature. The concept of 'atom' also appeared in the - school of ancient, and the school of.was possibly the first philosopher to have described nature with axioms (or principles) and then deduce new results from them. Any 'theory of everything' is similarly expected to be based on axioms and to deduce all observable phenomena from them.: 340 The emphasizing precise and controlled was largely developed in the, by and particularly the, who proposed that rays of were streams of tiny travelling in straight lines at a finite. Arabic alchemists proposed the theory of, where unified and (particles), differing in purity, size, and relative proportions, form the basis of a much more complicated process.Following earlier atomistic thought, the of the 17th century posited that all forces could be ultimately reduced to between the atoms, then imagined as tiny solid particles.: 184In the late 17th century, 's description of the long-distance force of gravity implied that not all forces in nature result from things coming into contact. In this graph, electroweak unification occurs at around 100 GeV, grand unification is predicted to occur at 10 16 GeV, and unification of the GUT force with gravity is expected at the, roughly 10 19 GeV.Several (GUTs) have been proposed to unify electromagnetism and the weak and strong forces.
Grand unification would imply the existence of an electronuclear force; it is expected to set in at energies of the order of 10 16 GeV, far greater than could be reached by any possible Earth-based. Although the simplest GUTs have been experimentally ruled out, the general idea, especially when linked with, remains a favorite candidate in the theoretical physics community. Supersymmetric GUTs seem plausible not only for their theoretical 'beauty', but because they naturally produce large quantities of dark matter, and because the inflationary force may be related to GUT physics (although it does not seem to form an inevitable part of the theory). Yet GUTs are clearly not the final answer; both the current standard model and all proposed GUTs are which require the problematic technique of to yield sensible answers.
This is usually regarded as a sign that these are only, omitting crucial phenomena relevant only at very high energies.The final step in the graph requires resolving the separation between quantum mechanics and gravitation, often equated with. Numerous researchers concentrate their efforts on this specific step; nevertheless, no accepted theory of – and thus no accepted theory of everything – has emerged yet. It is usually assumed that the TOE will also solve the remaining problems of GUTs.In addition to explaining the forces listed in the graph, a TOE may also explain the status of at least two candidate forces suggested by modern: an. Furthermore, cosmological experiments also suggest the existence of, supposedly composed of fundamental particles outside the scheme of the standard model. However, the existence of these forces and particles has not been proven.String theory and M-theory Unsolved problem in physics.